Practice Trial of Thomas Richardson
During Jury Selection - Plus Final Arguments
Audio and Jury Verdict Conclusions

CAVEAT: This article is one of a series of editorial articles that express personal opinions and views. They are written with no pretensions to be error free. I will gladly correct substantial errors of fact. My opinions can change, depending upon my awareness and understanding of changes in factual information. It is my intent to remain focused on specific public issues, regarding the personalities involved. For all I know, all the characters are saints, concerning their private lives and other public business...

Changes may be requested by e-mailing the details to pmarkham@manistique.org



02/29/08

   Perceptions From the Jury Selection Process
   For a Trial of Thomas Richardson for the
         Alleged Murder of His Wife
                                                
During a jury selection process of 02/27/08 and 
02/28/08, at the Schoolcraft County Courthouse, 
for the trial of Thomas (Tom) Richardson, for
alleged murder, I was a rejected member of the
potential jury pool from which the jury for the
pending trial was chosen. I chose to witness the
entire jury selection process, except for a few
minutes that I nodded off, after lunch, on
02/28/08.

Before jury selection, the only knowledge I had of
the incident, for which Thomas Richardson is charged
with murder, was a couple of brief news statements 
from WNMU radio, shortly after the time of the 
incident. Beyond mild curiosity, at the time, I 
had no interest beyond the outcome of a likely 
future trial that would be reported, eventually.

My primary interest in the jury selection process 
were the legal concepts and procedures, regarding 
what I have come to learn, as an "Ol' Geezer", is 
little more than my irrational belief, for most of
my life, in the de facto subjective practices of 
the religion of Juris Prudence. I have come to 
learn that a claimed and generally objective 
process of law enforcement and adjudication, that 
I was lead to believe existed, for most of my 
life, is, too often, a competition of little more
than lies of a professional confidence game by one
advocate vs. the reality represented by another,
refereed by the court.

From the information given the jury, and the 
questions asked, by both the prosecuting and 
defense attorneys, I understood or inferred the 
following, correctly or incorrectly. Please note 
that what I express, here, are 100% my perceptions 
and inferences, as a potential juror, during a 
"voir dire" process. My personal views, right or 
wrong, concern unverified information provided by 
others with professional credentials, history, and 
specific intents unknown to me, beyond whatever I 
understood, inferred, or imagined during the jury 
selection process, closed to the public:


Even though lip service was paid by the presiding 
judge, prosecuting attorney, and defense attorney, 
to the premise that the jurors were to base their 
decision upon the evidence, and not upon 
statements made by the respective attorneys, it 
was obvious, to me, that both the prosecution and 
defense were picking jury members that were most 
likely to accept their respective various
arguments, concerning the nature of, value, 
validity, context, and meaning of actual evidence 
and circumstances, referred to, specifically, or 
abstractly.

Both prosecution and defense sought a likely jury 
foreperson, acceptable to both the prosecution and 
defense, with the social and professional skills 
to influence and/or coordinate jury considerations. 

Both prosecution and defense sought a malleable 
jury that would, most likely, be influenced to 
accept the respective perceptions of the 
prosecution or defense advocates. 

Both prosecution and defense sought jury members 
with a limited ability to understand abstractions 
- sufficient to understand the legal advocate's 
abstract concepts, but not enough to think "out of 
the box" of the abstraction selected by the 
advocate. (To think out of the box, is to consider 
theories that are contrary to the respective goals 
of the defense or prosecution strategy.)

Both prosecution and defense sought sociable 
jurists - those that "work well with others" to 
determine a verdict which all jury members could 
agree upon. Less than "all" means a "hung jury", 
with no conviction or acquittal.

Both prosecution and defense sought a jury that 
would be, most likely, sympathetic to whatever 
intended defense or prosecution theories and 
arguments they intended to present that jury,
during the trial. 

Both prosecution and defense chose to ignore the 
public address system microphones, perhaps to
ensure that many of the waiting potential jurors
filling the court room could not hear all the prior 
questioning, prompting, and instructions.
Subsequently, both the prosecution and defense
attorneys repeated their questions, prompting,
and instructions, for over 12 1/2 hours, during
almost two full of days of the jury selection
process, in an attempt to ensure that the potential
jurors remembered the information and concepts that
the prosecution and defense attorneys wanted
them to remember, and consider during the
trial.

Both prosecution and defense sought a jury to 
"Think as we wish", sufficiently compliant to be 
lead to the pretrial understandings and 
conclusions covered during the jury selection
process.


Defense

I understood the defense's repetitive questions
and prompting, regarding "hypothetical" allegations,
circumstances, evidence, context, and theories,
concerning the defendant's alleged murder of his
wife, to mean the following:

This is a murder case.

The defense alleges the wife's death is an accident. 

The site of the death is a treacherous cliff-side
wilderness, conducive to serious accidents.

Thomas Richardson's closed head trauma effected his 
personality

Defendant's emotional expression has been 
impaired by trauma

Thomas Richardson lacked the ability to express
grief in a "normal" manner

Defendant's wife's knowledge of her possible grave
illness death was reason for completing a will

Defendant's wife may have committed suicide to 
conclude her perception of an unacceptable and
irresolvable cancer based health problem

Defendant's wife suffered from serious symptoms of 
depression

Thomas Richardson committed no act of murder, 
and never considered the consequences of a 
possible divorce as a motive for murder.

Misinterpretation of the defendant's truck driver 
jargon is no indication of the intent or 
commission of murder.

Bickering is not a precursor for murder, 
or, necessarily, an indicator of a failed marriage

Extended family and associates' testimony about 
perceived strained marriage problems is little 
more than an expression of third party personal 
opinion, colored by personal bias.

Seeking, considering, and noting testimony for one 
side of an alleged crime, primarily, is an 
expression of self-serving bias that tends to 
corrupt the investigative process.

"Modern" criminal procedure, and the "old 
fashioned way", includes using and preserving all 
documented investigative information, of all 
facets of an investigation of a serious crime.

"Modern" criminal procedures include the use of 
common, cheap, and readily available modern tools 
to document, and record interviews and 
interrogations.

"Modern criminal procedures" include the use of 
cameras and tape measures to properly document the 
physical environment of an alleged crime site.

An unrecorded extensive interview or interrogation 
of an alleged murder suspect is unnecessary and 
unprofessional. It precludes readily available 
direct evidence that may, or may not, support the 
circumstantial evidence from investigative 
procedures by those that may, or may not, be 
proficient, candid, perfect, and dedicated 
professionals of unassailable integrity.

The destruction of notes taken during an extensive
unrecorded interview/interrogation, deprives the
defense of any means to refute, with direct evidence,
the content of the completed report, which is part
of prosecution evidence. 

There are questionable motives to destroy original 
notes that form the basis of an alleged murder 
investigation report.

The testimony of typical "snitches" is little more 
than hear-say testimony, of questionable source 
and value, likely to be colored by motive.

The use of a jailhouse snitch, carrying
a recording device, eliciting testimony from the
defendant, is a questionable practise leading to
questionable testimony-evidence. 

Circumstantial hear-say testimony, from anyone, is 
as likely to be false, as not.

Seeking and using negative hear-say testimony, 
about the defendant, primarily from those who view 
the defendant in a negative manner, corrupts the 
investigative process with obvious bias.

Unreliable circumstantial evidence, alone, is the 
basis of the prosecutor's case, and such evidence 
to be shown will not support a guilty verdict, 
beyond a reasonable doubt.



Prosecution:

I understood the prosecution's repetitive questions
and prompting, regarding "hypothetical" allegations,
circumstances, evidence, context, and theories,
concerning the defendant's alleged murder of his wife,
to mean the following:

This is a domestic violence case.

Thomas Richardson systematically undermined his
spouse's self-esteem.

The alleged crime was subsequent to spouse abuse.

The defendant's stress generated behavior falls
outside the range of "normal", while waiting to know
if his spouse would survive a serious health problem. 

There is lots of testimony, much of it nasty,
concerning the marriage problems of the defendant
and his wife.

Thomas Richardson chose murder as an alternative to
divorce.

The wife's alleged murder is, to a great degree, a
consequence of a failed marriage.

The motive for murder was an attempt to 
escape the potential costs and consequences of a 
divorce, and to gain from the wife's estate.

Bickering between the defendant and his wife is a 
likely precursor to the wife's alleged 
murder.

Thomas Richardson behaved in an "abnormal" manner, 
indicating that he was broken, in some fashion.

Circumstantial evidence is not inferior to direct 
evidence.

Circumstantial evidence, without direct evidence, 
is sufficient to reach a guilty verdict.

Circumstantial hear-say evidence, from many 
people, equals likely guilt.

It is irrelevant to the case and trial that 
fundamental investigative documenting notes, of an 
open and active case, were destroyed before trial.

Beware the defense's legal theories concerning 
unanswered questions that have nothing to do with
the facts and circumstances required to reach a
guilty verdict.

Those "Red herrings" will be dangled by the defense
to misdirect the jury from the goal of the 
prosecution's evidence and arguments.

It is appropriate, in the 21st Century, to "solve" 
an alleged capital crime, in the "old fashioned 
way", with little more than circumstantial 
evidence.

It is appropriate to try the defendant, in the 
"old fashioned way", for an alleged capital crime, 
based upon little more than circumstantial 
evidence.

It is appropriate to ask a jury to reach a 
verdict, in the "old fashioned way", for an 
alleged capital crime, based upon little more than 
circumstantial evidence.

The public perception of the first 30 minutes of 
the World Trade Center tragedy of 09-11-01 showed 
the validity and strength of circumstantial 
evidence.

The circumstantial evidence to be shown, 
is, in its own context, similar to that of the
911 incident, and is all that is needed to
conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the
defendant is guilty of murder.


It will be interesting to see how close my
perceptions of "hypothetical" circumstances,
evidence,and theories, are to that which will be
presented.

There was a significant degree of concern, expressed
by both sides, regarding perceived notions acquired
by the potential jurors, prior to the trial process.
I can only cry when I consider that I sat through a
jury selection process in which two advocates,
representing diametrically opposed views of the case,
spent 12 1/2 hours trying to convince me of the
relevance of certain allegations, facts, theories,
and events, prior to the defendant's trial.

The defendant is either a murderer, or he is not.
That being so, one advocate was representing a
confidence game, as a trial authority figure, before
the trial, with the sole purpose of convincing
potential jurors of that which is false, by
presenting, during voir dire, false representations
of circumstances, evidence, and theories.

What I witnessed did nothing to restore my
steadily deteriorating view of law enforcement and
adjudication.


P.S.

I was told by a valued acquaintance, who read a 
draft of this article, that I had tried Thomas
Richardson, already.

I responded that I had not tried him, but if 
my perception of events was essentially correct, 
the attorneys had a great practice trial using 
"hypothetical" illustrative allegations,
circumstances, evidence, context, and theories. 
04/14/08

The following is the entire closing arguments of today's Thomas Richardson trial proceedings. After the defense finished, the prosecution asked the presiding judge for more time, tomorrow morning...

Click to listen to 50MB mp3 file of approximately 6 hours of final arguments on 04/14/08, or download

Richardson_closing_arguments_041408_50MB_mp3.zip

For me, it is best played with Windows Media Player with all the graphic equalizer individual controls set to minimum, except for 250, 500, 1K, 2K and 4K set to mid-position. These recordings are optimized from my less-than-desirable personal recordings, as a "spectator", some thirty feet from the attorneys' lectern, from which the attorneys addressed the jury and NBC's cameras, away from the public spectators, within the shabby acoustic environment of the Schoolcraft County Courthouse Circuit Court Room, in which I noticed no one using any of many available public address microphones during the times I attended.

My recordings, done on a sub-poverty income, are what numerous investigative agencies chose not to do, during the Thomas Richardson interview/interrogation. As their funding, and technical and intellectual resources are virtually limitless, compared to mine, I can only conclude that it was perceived to be in the best interests of "professional" law enforcement personnel to investigate the Richardson death incident in a manner that assumed the suspect's guilt, and ensure the likelihood of his "deserved punishment".

With no recording, there was no direct evidence that the defense could use to refute the contents of whatever investigative report(s)resulted from the interview/interrogation, or the meaning that the prosecution chose to ascribe to the contents of those "manufactured" circumstantial evidence reports. Each person perceives the world differently from another, and that includes what they hear. With no recordings, the interrogators' understandings, interpretations, and memories of transitory words spoken by a suspect are used to prosecute the defendant, with no chance of the defense to access an unbiased record of what was actually said by the suspect.

The typical fourth grade classroom exercise in rumor creation should have been sufficient lesson to motivate mandatory interrogation recordings, since the advent of the wire recorder. Economical digital recorders, and recorded data transfer and storage technology, make the absence of an interrogation recording nothing more than gross incompetence, or a deliberate attempt to "hang" a suspect with the "mind reading" interpretations of others, as incorporated in their biased view of the world as stated in written reports.

Pursuing an investigation, with the investigation guided by the preconceived assumption of guilt of the person investigated, makes it as difficult and as expensive as possible for an innocent suspect to defend themselves against those with the biased power of the state, paid to wield the power to judge-and-abuse-at-will, with virtual impunity.



Because of perjury and confabulation by witnesses, and personal agenda driven decisions made by unethical or incompetent law enforcement, investigative and adjudication professionals, after a trial is over, there is, too often, no way to know if a suspect is guilty, or not.



04/15/08

Click to listen to 10MB mp3 file of 1hr 18min of prosecution rebuttal, plus jury instructions of 04/15/08, or download

Thomas Richardson trial closing arguments and jury instructions 041508 - 10MB mp3 zipped file



During my "voir dire" experience, and subsequent trial procedures, documented above, I granted Alger County Prosecutor Karen Bahrman the courtesy of considering the possibility that her comparative analogy of "911" circumstantial evidence applied to the Richardson case. Now that the trial is over, I consider her analogy as little more than an overt attempt, by a law enforcement authority figure, to demonize Thomas Richardson in the minds of ignorant jurors.

Regardless of Thomas Richardson's degree of guilt, the alleged circumstantial evidence of his alleged crime was in no way equivalent to that of the 09/11/01 World Trade Center towers disaster. I, along with millions of other folk, saw, on major television network news programs, the sequential collision of two aircraft with two buildings, witnessed by onlookers. The collisions camera footage was later corroborated by irrefutable circumstantial, direct, and scientific evidence.

Regarding Richardson's alleged crime, unlike the 911 event, there is no simple and irrefutable evidence that it ever took place. There are no witnesses to the alleged crime. There is no irrefutable scientific evidence that a crime occurred. There is no sum of circumstantial evidence that a crime occurred, beyond reasonable doubt.

The suggestion that the circumstantial evidence and hearsay of the Thomas Richardson trial, sworn or not, was in any way equivalent to that of "911", was little more than an overt prosecution ploy to poison the minds of the jurors, and influence a decision against the defendant by suggesting that he, and the circumstances of his alleged crime, had something in common with the work and resulting circumstantial evidence of those responsible for 911.

Regardless of Mr. Richardson's actual guilt, assuming that it exists, there is no doubt in my mind, why, in our "civilized society", a guilty verdict should be proved "beyond reasonable doubt"; including doubt raised by false prosecutorial associations between the circumstantial evidence of "911" and that offered at Richardson's trial.



I now understand, fully, why, during final arguments and the jury selection process, Alger County Prosecutor Karen Bahrman smiled broadly as she stated to the jury why she likes circumstantial evidence so much. The individual pieces of circumstantial evidence and hearsay testimony might be assembled, like jigsaw puzzle pieces, into many fantastic combinations that have little connection with reality. Then the power and resources of the state can be used to convince jurors of the prosecution's interpretation of its completed puzzles of choice.

On an international scale, President Bush and his administration did, and still does, the same thing to convince the public regarding the "Iraq puzzle", as others did regarding the "Vietnam puzzle", Germany's historic "Jewish puzzle" and, of course, the "slavery and indigenous natives puzzles" around the world. On a local scale, Schoolcraft County Prosecutor, Peter Hollenbeck, pursued prosecution of a totally fabricated "Lakeside Road puzzle", that I witnessed being created, documented elsewhere at this web site.

History is littered with the corpses of those victimized by circumstantial evidence, interpreted by subjective imaginations with a mission in mind. The validity of circumstantial evidence is no better than those who choose to interpret it, to satisfy their particular agenda; and government entities are notorious for using the collective resources of the state to overpower any legitimate defense by those without equivalent resources.

That the defense attorneys have the same opportunity as the prosecution to present their interpretation of the same circumstantial evidence and hearsay, as it applies to their theories and arguments, does little to ensure their defendant a "fair" trial. They are unknown "hired guns" for a flawed stranger run afoul of local law enforcement officials vs. local law enforcement, investigative and adjudication authority figure public servants, of "unassailable integrity", elected and hired by the local "public" to ensure local public safety, in that part of the country where the public everyone "knows" everything, about everyone else, either directly or indirectly.

The "scales of justice" were automatically tilted in favor of the prosecution. Had the trial taken place in Grand Rapids, before a jury of those that live in the "real world", unconnected with the too close personal, professional, political, social and religious lives of those in the backwater counties of Alger and Schoolcraft, I would be far less harsh.



I watched the televised video and audio of the first plane hitting the World Trade Center towers. I watched and listened to the second. At no time did I believe that Alger County Prosecutor Karen Bahrman had similar reasons or evidence to prove that Richardson committed murder. The only "reasonable" conclusions that I could draw, from that part of the trial procedures I witnessed, is that thomas Richardson told several versions of what happened, a bunch of folk didn't like him, and he was likely as flawed an individual as most anyone else, including me, the jury members, and all those that testified against him.

Unlike televised 911 tragedy video and audio, I saw no irrefutable evidence that a crime was committed, and subsequent to Ms. Richardson's death I saw no completed puzzle of circumstantial evidence that showed, with any degree of certainty, that Tom Richardson caused the death of his wife. I understood the 911 irrefutable circumstantial evidence analogy to have one purpose; Prosecutor Bahrman chose to foster an emotional irrational verdict from the jury, instead of a well reasoned decision.

Needless to say, 12 other individuals may determine otherwise.



04/16/08

Today, 12 other individuals claimed unanimous understanding of Thomas Richardson's guilt of first degree murder, beyond a reasonable doubt.

For a peek at the process by which that "unanimous decision" was reached, read the following; and fear the process by which several jury members "make" one of the prosecution's hypotheses of first degree murder. From my reading of these, and several other online mainstream media articles, I understand that some jury members imagined and acted out a speculated prosecution "martial arts kick" scenario, and "convinced" other jury members of the validity of that particular imagined scenario; that the defendant kicked his wife over a cliff edge.

If this is what a jury has the responsibility to do, and if I was charged with a capital crime, I would prefer summary execution to a trial by my peers. In so many words, several Schoolcraft County jury members did what Alger County Prosecutor Karen Bahrman failed to do; they convinced 5 doubting jurors of Richardson's hypothetical guilt. They didn't just consider the evidence and testimony presented them; several jurors manufactured enough "evidence" to convince 5 doubting jurors that Richardson was guilty of first degree murder, beyond a reasonable doubt.

Re-enactment swayed jurors toward verdict

Richardson guilty

Regarding that part of the trial that I witnessed, I appreciated the defense attorneys' efforts to make their case. Unlike the clangor during the prosecution's presentations, my "baloney" alarm sounded seldom.

The verdict is no surprise, to me. It is consistent with my understanding of Schoolcraft County residents' collective view of knowledge, human nature, ethics, reason and logic, as I have documented for years, elsewhere. That understanding includes a basic premise of human nature of why people lie or confabulate, that was so evident to me in the prosecution's presentation.



People employ deception because it works to influence the ignorant and intellectually lazy or challenged. Current knowledge about human nature should be taught everyone, from a very early age, along with the application of that knowledge, with logic and reasoning skills. There would be far fewer successful predators and ignorant victims in the world, if a lot more emphasis was placed upon educating everyone about those characteristics of human nature that separates "civilized" individuals from their simian ancestors, and human predators on both sides of the law. Needless to say, the "captains of power" in the associated arenas of politics, religion, military, and industry prefer the status quo of a malleable public, subservient to their wills.



For what its worth, my best wishes to all those innocents hurt by all facets of the entire unfortunate affair.



04/18/08

The following was reported by WLUC-TV, at their web site:

"Bahrman says her biggest hurdle was convincing the jury that circumstantial evidence was as important, or more important, than direct evidence.

"It doesn't depend on the credibility of witnesses,” Bahrman said. “Circumstantial evidence doesn't lie, it's not mistaken, and it has no agenda.""

Attorneys speak out after Richardson verdict

"But," I say, "circumstantial evidence is the primary yarn woven into any and all justifications for all of history's atrocities. Most of the brutes of the world justify their brutality with their choice of, and interpretation of, circumstantial evidence and hearsay. People lie, are mistaken, and have agendas, and that subset of humanity that I label mission-driven-brutes, do not care about the level of damage they do to others to achieve their goals. The various written, video and audio records of the 2006 Duke University lacrosse team "rape" case are classic, well worth reviewing to understand how human nature, with a mission and circumstantial evidence, manifests itself in an intellectual environment, let alone the "backwoods" of Michigan's Upper Peninsula, where ignorance and superstition abound.

I found this later today:

Jurors speak out about verdict

"The medical examiner testified the bruising came from a type of blunt force, or what they like to call a nightstick-type of injury by a linear object, either right before or at the time of death."

If this story is true, I can only conclude that the jury should substitute for agents of the Alger County Prosecutor, Sheriff Dept., Michigan State Police, and F.B.I.; all of whom failed to convince the jury, beyond a reasonable doubt, with their professional 5-6 weeks of combined arguments, testimony and evidence, including Prosecutor Bahrman's closing arguments. It took several amateur jury sleuths less than two days, after improvising a "martial arts" investigative scene from a television "C.S.I." show, to create "breakthrough" thigh bruise and karate kick evidence deemed merely possible by prosecution professionals.

"...you do see something that almost looks like it could be the fore part of a sole of a shoe; the front part," is determined by several jury sleuths to be breakthrough evidence that convinces 5 other doubtful jurors of Richardson's guilt - beyond a reasonable doubt?

"Even though they felt it was a breakthrough, they again reconsidered all the other evidence and the more than six weeks of testimony. By putting everything together, they were able to make one final decision."

From my perspective, for a ton of public money, Alger County Prosecutor Karen Bahrman, with the help of and local, state and federal investigative professionals, proved little more than an example of the old maxim that "A little knowledge is a dangerous thing." They planted the seeds of justifiable suspicion into the fertile imaginations of jury members, based upon questionable circumstantial evidence and testimony, and the argumentative hearsay of public authority figures.

With the seeds of justifiable suspicion planted, fertilized with weeks of the prosecution's speculative arguments, the collective jury members nurtured those seeds into a harvested crop of ill-founded beliefs that included a "breakthrough" phantom kick and a mythical shoe sole bruise that were no part of any objective testimony or evidence, that I was aware of. Ultimately, contrary to the judge's directions to consider the evidence and testimony, alone, the jury concluded unanimously, that Thomas Richardson was guilty, beyond a reasonable doubt, of kicking his wife over a cliff edge.



I am hard pressed to see much difference between a good ol' fashioned Salem witch trial, and the trial of Thomas Richardson, except that life with "Bubba" and his pals might be considered worse than being burned at the stake. For those that still don't get it, I am not for or against Thomas Richardson and do not know, with any certainty, whether he is guilty to any degree, regarding the death of his wife, regardless of my conclusion that he lies, as most everyone else I know.

I am against "witch-hunt" trials and "witch hunt" investigative procedures, regardless of a judge's instructions to the jurors to consider trial testimony and evidence, alone. I decry public authority figures arguing, for weeks, exhorting and "brainwashing" a hand picked captive jury of no defendant's peers, seeking to "burn" the defendant. Beyond the expensive veneer of the theory of "due process", today, a trial is just as likely to have a similar effects, for similar reasons, as centuries ago.

When "the public" is educated to consider public authority figures as more believable, ethical, competent, skilled and intellectually "better" than themselves, and the advocates for an alleged criminal, then few members of the public have a civilized chance for "due process" that is contrary to the fantasized beliefs of "public servants", and like-minded authority figures. Once again, a heap of bodies testify to the historical relevance of my perspective.



A decent layman's article about the nature of lying, and school bullying, two related subjects of great interest, to me, may be found in the June 2005 edition of Scientific American Mind. For those that are not intellectually lazy or challenged, and really care about the nature of our species, beyond historical superstitious and supernatural mythology, there is available a great deal of readily accessible scientific, peer reviewed, research based, fact and hypotheses that provide a more rational explanation of the "unexplainable".

A recent example of the consequences of sophistic investigative and prosecution mission driven zeal, and a jury's acceptance of that "evidence", may be found here:

Dallas Man Exonerated After 27 Years in Prison.

A decent layman's consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of circumstantial and direct evidence may be found at:

http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence

http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_evidence

and legal definitions may be found in any recent edition of Black's Law Dictionary.

HOME
 © 2008
Manistique.org